In brief
In 2025, Saudi Arabia executed at least 347 individuals, marking it the deadliest year of executions recorded by human rights groups. The majority of those executed faced charges related to drug offenses, with many being foreign nationals. Activists highlight a trend of abuses within the Saudi justice system, including forced confessions and lack of due process, raising international concerns regarding human rights violations.
Saudi Arabia has surpassed its record for the number of executions carried out annually for a second year in a row.
At least 347 people have now been put to death this year, up from a total of 345 in 2024, according to the UK-based campaign group Reprieve, which tracks executions in Saudi Arabia and has clients on death row.
This was the bloodiest year of executions in the kingdom since monitoring began.
The latest prisoners to be executed were two Pakistani nationals convicted of drug-related offences.
Others put to death this year include a journalist and two young men who were children at the time of their alleged protest-related crimes. Five were women.
But, according to Reprieve, most - around two thirds - were convicted of non-lethal drug-related offences, which the UN says is incompatible with international norms and standards.
More than half of them were foreign nationals who appear to have been put to death as part of a war on drugs in the kingdom.
The Saudi authorities have not responded to the BBC's request for comment on the rise in executions.
Saudi Arabia is operating with complete impunity now, said Jeed Basyouni, Reprieve's head of death penalty for the Middle East and North Africa. It's almost making a mockery of the human rights system.
She described torture and forced confessions as endemic within the Saudi criminal justice system.
Ms Basyouni called it a brutal and arbitrary crackdown in which innocent people and those on the margins of society have been caught up.
On Tuesday, a young Egyptian fisherman, Issam al-Shazly, was executed. He was arrested in 2021 in Saudi territorial waters and said he had been coerced into smuggling drugs.
Reprieve says 96 of the executions were solely linked to hashish.
It almost seems that it doesn't matter to them who they execute, as long as they send a message to society that there's a zero-tolerance policy on whatever issue they're talking about - whether it's protests, freedom of expression, or drugs, said Ms Basyouni.
There has been a surge of drug-related executions since the Saudi authorities ended an unofficial moratorium in late 2022 - a step described as deeply regrettable by the UN human rights office.
The de facto ruler of Saudi Arabia, Mohammed bin Salman, has changed the country profoundly over the past few years, loosening social restrictions while simultaneously silencing criticism.
While the government has made strides towards liberalization in certain areas, human rights activists continue to express alarm over the kingdom's persistent and rising use of the death penalty.
UN experts have called for an immediate moratorium on executions in Saudi Arabia, emphasizing the need for compliance with international norms regarding legal representation and notification of families.
